Landmarks in Insulin's journey!!

1922 Banting, Best, Collip use bovine insulin extract in humans
1923 Eli Lilly produces commercial quantities of much purer bovine insulin than Banting et al. had used
1923 Farbwerke Hoechst, one of the forerunner's of today's Sanofi Aventis, produces commercial quantities of bovine insulin in Germany
1923 Hagedorn founds the Nordisk Insulin laboratorium in Denmark – forerunner of today's Novo Nordisk
1926 Nordisk receives a Danish charter to produce insulin as a non-profit
1936 Canadians D.M. Scott, A.M. Fisher formulate a zinc insulin mixture and license it to Novo
1936 Hagedorn discovers that adding protamine to insulin prolongs the duration of action of insulin
1946 Nordisk formulates Isophane porcine insulin aka Neutral Protamine Hagedorn or NPH insulin
1946 Nordisk crystallizes a protamine and insulin mixture
1950 Nordisk markets NPH insulin
1953 Novo formulates Lente porcine and bovine insulins by adding zinc for longer lasting insulin
1955 Frederick Sanger determines the amino acid sequence of insulin
1969 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin solves the crystal structure of insulin by x-ray crystallography
1973 Purified monocomponent (MC) insulin is introduced
1973 The U.S. officially "standardized" insulin sold for human use in the U.S. to U-100 (100 units per milliliter). Prior to that, insulin was sold in different strengths, including U-80 (80 units per milliliter) and U-40 formulations (40 units per milliliter), so the effort to "standardize" the potency aimed to reduce dosage errors and ease doctors' job of prescribing insulin for patients.
1978 Genentech produces biosynthetic 'human' insulin in Escheria coli bacteria using recombinant DNA techniques, licenses to Eli Lilly
1981 Novo Nordisk chemically and enzymatically converts porcine to 'human' insulin
1982 Genentech synthetic 'human' insulin (above) approved
1983 Eli Lilly and Company produces biosynthetic 'human' insulin with recombinant DNA technology, Humulin
1985 Axel Ullrich sequences a human cell membrane insulin receptor.
1988 Novo Nordisk produces recombinant biosynthetic 'human' insulin
1996 Lilly Humalog "lispro" insulin analogue approved.
2000 Sanofi Aventis Lantus insulin "glargine" analogue approved for clinical use in the US and Europe.
2004 Sanofi Aventis Apidra insulin "glulisine" insulin analogue approved for clinical use in the US.
2005 MedActiv invents the world's smallest fridge, the Medifridge, to safely transport insulin for patients.
2006 Novo Nordisk Levemir "detemir" insulin analogue approved for clinical use in the US.