SECONDARY FORMS OF DIABETES!!

1. Chronic pancreatitis.
This occurs when digestive enzymes attack and destroy the pancreas.
The main causes of chronic pancreatitis are alcoholism, blocked or narrowed pancreatic duct due to some form of trauma or cyst, and heredity. Occasionally no reason can be found.

2. Hemochromatosis.
A genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb excess iron from food.
The excess iron builds up in the cells of the liver, heart, pancreas, and other organs and eventually destroys them.

3. Polycystic ovary syndrome. (PCOS)
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a complex condition that affects the ovaries. The ovarian cysts inhibit the natural female hormones, which eventually leads to insulin resistance.

4. Cushing's disease.
This is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of the body's tissues to high levels of the hormone cortisol spontaneously produced by the adrenals or by excessive use of cortisol or other similar steroid hormones. The latter may be used to treat life threatening disease such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, inflammatory bowel disease, some allergies etc.

5. Acromegaly.
Rare hormone disorder resulting from over production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland, usually due to a tumour on that gland. It most commonly affects middle-aged adults.

6. Somatostatinoma and Aldosteronoma-induced hypokalaemia.
Rare conditions caused by pancreatic tumours that can cause diabetes, at least in part by inhibiting insulin secretion. Successful removal of the tumour can cause the diabetes to disappear.

7. Cystic Fibrosis.
Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease. CF causes the incapacitation of the pancreas by fibrosis and can lead to Type 2 diabetes.

8. Adenocarcinomas.
Cancer that begins in cells that line the inside of organs. Almost all pancreatic cancers are of this type.

9. The stiff-man syndrome.
An autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system characterised by stiffness of the axial muscles (the skeletal muscles of the head and trunk) with painful spasms. Patients usually have Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies and many develop Type 1 diabetes.

10. Wolfram's syndrome.
A rare autosomal recessive disorder (due to a mutated gene) characterised by diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, optic atrophy (eye problems), and deafness.

11. Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome.
An extremely rare pediatric genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the insulin receptor gene. It results in severe insulin resistance.
Initial symptoms include abnormalities of the head, face, teeth and nails. Also Acanthosis nigricans, a skin disorder where the skin becomes dark in colour and velvety in texture, especially in the folds of the neck, groin and underarms.

12. Leprechaunism.
A rare pediatric genetic disorder that is associated with extreme insulin resistance. It leads to mental and physical retardation, coarse features, Acanthosis nigricans and early death.

13. Phaeochromocytoma.
A rare tumour found in the adrenal glands. It causes an excess of adrenaline to be produced. The diabetes associated with this will go away once the tumour has been removed.

14. Glucagonoma.
A rare pancreatic tumour. Malignant glucagonomas are islet cell pancreatic tumours. Insulin can be over produced, leading to diabetes.

15. Toxins.
Certain toxins, like Vacor (a rat poison), can permanently destroy pancreatic beta cells, leaving one with a Type 1 diabetes.

16. Infections.
Certain viral infections have resulted in the destruction of beta cells. Examples are congenital rubella, cytomegalovirus, and adenovirus and mumps.

17. Drugs. (chemically induced diabetes)
Pentamidine (treats some forms of pneumonia and parasitic infections)
Nicotinic acid
Glucocorticoids (used as anti-inflammatories)
Thyroid hormone
Alpha-blockers (used to treat blood-pressure)
Beta-blockers (used to treat blood-pressure)
Thiazides (used in blood-pressure control)
Furosemide (a diuretic, used in blood pressure control)
Dilantin (a drug used to treat epilipsy)
Estrogen-containing products (such as oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy)
Interferon-alpha therapy (Patients can develop diabetes associated with islet cell auto-antibodies and, in certain instances, severe insulin deficiency)

18. Insulin-receptor disorders.
Anti-insulin receptor antibodies are occasionally found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. They bind to the insulin receptor and so reducing the binding of insulin.

19. Insulin autoimmune syndrome.
The person has antibodies against insulin. This rare disease was first reported in 1970 and of the 200 cases so far 90% come from Japan.

20. Diseases of the pancreas such as:-
Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy.
Pancreatitis.
Trauma / pancreatectomy.
Neoplasia.